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Banking News Clips

Banking Laws: Contract Act. 1872 (Guarantee and Indemnity).

Banking Laws: Contract Act. 1872 (Guarantee and Indemnity).

 
Guarantee:
 
1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi †mKkb 126 Abymv‡i ‡Kvb e¨vsK hLb Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨vw³i †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai A¶gZvq Zvi †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Aw½Kvi K‡i Zv‡K e¨vsK M¨vivw›U e‡j|
 
e¨vsK M¨vivw›Ui wbæiƒc ‰ewkó _v‡K t
 
1.      hvi c¶ †_‡K M¨vivw›U †`qv nq Zvi †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai AcviMZvq e¨vsK †`bv cwi‡kv‡a eva¨ _v‡K|
2.     e¨vsK M¨vivw›U RvgvbZ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
3.     M¨vivw›Ui GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv` _v‡K|
4.     M¨vivw›U‡Z hZUyKz †`bvi wbðqZv _v‡K M¨viv›Uvi ZZUzKzi Rb¨ `vqe× _v‡K|
5.     ‡gq` cywZ©i ci g~j M¨vivw›U e¨vsK‡K †dir w`‡Z nq|
 
 
v   e¨vsK M¨vivw›Ui ‰ewkóMZ cÖKvi †f` t
v    
v   Specific Guarantee:
 
GKwU wbw`©ó †jb‡`‡b mxgve× _v‡K| hLb GKwU wbw`©ó †jb‡`‡b g~j †`bv`vi  †jb‡`‡b A¶g n‡j M¨viv›Uvi †jb‡`b m¤úbœ Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡K|
 
v Continuing Guarantee:
 
GB M¨vivw›U µgvMZ †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| Bnv wbw`©ó GKwU †jb‡`b‡K wbwðZ K‡i bv|
 
 
wbæwjwLZ ‡¶‡Î e¨vsK M¨vivw›U AKvh©Ki t
 
01.  Misrepresentation
02.  Concealment
03.  When Guarantee / Cosurety does no join 
04.  Lac of essential element.
05.  Death surety
 
 
v   e¨vsK M¨vivw›Ui cÖKvi †f` t
v    
1.     Money Guarantee
2.     Performance Guarantee
3.     Financial Guarantee ie Bid Bond
4.     Advance Payment Guarantee
5.     Shipping Guarantee
6.     Investment Guarantee
7.     Custom & Exercise Guarantee
8.     Jute Purchase Guarantee
9.     Counter Guarantee
10.            Bank Guarantee
 
 
 
M¨vivw›U Ges Bb‡Wgw›Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ t
 
 
M¨vivw›U
 
Bb‡Wgw›Ui
1
M¨viw›U‡Z 3wU c¶ _v‡K
1
Bb‡WgwbwU‡Z 2wU c¶ _v‡K
2
M¨viw›U‡Z ‡`bv cwi‡kv‡ai `vwqZ¡  †`bv`v‡ii Ges M¨viv›Uv‡ii `vwqZ¡ wØZxq ch©v‡qi
2
G~j `vwqZ¡ Bb‡WgwbwU `vZvi Dci eZ©vq
3
cvIbv`v‡ii cvIbv Av`v‡qi wbðqZvi Rb¨ M¨vivw›U †bqv& nq|
3
¶wZi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ Bb‡WgwbwU †bqv nq|
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Banking Laws: Contract Act. 1872 (Guarantee and Indemnity).
 
Guarantee:
 
1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi †mKkb 126 Abymv‡i ‡Kvb e¨vsK hLb Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨vw³i †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai A¶gZvq Zvi †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Aw½Kvi K‡i Zv‡K e¨vsK M¨vivw›U e‡j|
 
e¨vsK M¨vivw›Ui wbæiƒc ‰ewkó _v‡K t
 
1.      hvi c¶ †_‡K M¨vivw›U †`qv nq Zvi †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai AcviMZvq e¨vsK †`bv cwi‡kv‡a eva¨ _v‡K|
2.     e¨vsK M¨vivw›U RvgvbZ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
3.     M¨vivw›Ui GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv` _v‡K|
4.     M¨vivw›U‡Z hZUyKz †`bvi wbðqZv _v‡K M¨viv›Uvi ZZUzKzi Rb¨ `vqe× _v‡K|
5.     ‡gq` cywZ©i ci g~j M¨vivw›U e¨vsK‡K †dir w`‡Z nq|
 
 
v   e¨vsK M¨vivw›Ui ‰ewkóMZ cÖKvi †f` t
v    
v   Specific Guarantee:
 
GKwU wbw`©ó †jb‡`‡b mxgve× _v‡K| hLb GKwU wbw`©ó †jb‡`‡b g~j †`bv`vi  †jb‡`‡b A¶g n‡j M¨viv›Uvi †jb‡`b m¤úbœ Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡K|
 
v Continuing Guarantee:
 
GB M¨vivw›U µgvMZ †jb‡`‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| Bnv wbw`©ó GKwU †jb‡`b‡K wbwðZ K‡i bv|
 
 
wbæwjwLZ ‡¶‡Î e¨vsK M¨vivw›U AKvh©Ki t
 
01.  Misrepresentation
02.  Concealment
03.  When Guarantee / Cosurety does no join 
04.  Lac of essential element.
05.  Death surety
 
 
v   e¨vsK M¨vivw›Ui cÖKvi †f` t
v    
1.     Money Guarantee
2.     Performance Guarantee
3.     Financial Guarantee ie Bid Bond
4.     Advance Payment Guarantee
5.     Shipping Guarantee
6.     Investment Guarantee
7.     Custom & Exercise Guarantee
8.     Jute Purchase Guarantee
9.     Counter Guarantee
10.            Bank Guarantee
 
 
 
M¨vivw›U Ges Bb‡Wgw›Ui g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ t
 বিনিয়োগ ঝুকি হ”েছ ব্যাংকের অন্যতম ঝুকি। এ ঝুকি বিশ্লেষন করা, পরিমাপ করা এবং সে অনুসারে ঝুকি ব্যব¯’াপনা ব্যাংকের নিজস্ব সার্থেই অতিব জর“রী। বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক ২০০৬ সালের ৩১ শে মার্চ থেকে ১০০ কোটি বা তদুর্ধ বিনিয়োগের ক্ষেত্রে বিনিয়োগ ঝুকি বিন্যাস ম্যানুয়াল (ঈজএগ) বাধ্যতামুলক করেছে।
ঝুকি পরিমাপের প্রয়োজনীয়তা ঃ
 
০১.   ব্যাংক কোন বিনিয়োগ দিবে কিনা তা নির্ধারন করে থাকে।
০২.  বিনিয়োগে গ্রাহকের ঝুকি নির্ধারণ করে সে অনুসাওে তদারকী করা।
০৩.  ঝুকি অনুসারে ব্যাংক লাভবান হ”েছ কিনা তা মূল্যায়ন করা।
০৪.  ঝুকি ব্যব¯’াপনায় নতুন পদক্ষেপ নেয়া।
০৫.  ঝুকি কমানোর জন্য বিনিয়োগের ক্ষেত্র, পরিমান, ইত্যাদি পরিবর্তনের পরিকল্পনা করা।
 
ঝুকির মৌলিক উপাদানগুলো হলো নিæর“প ঃ
বিনিয়োগ ঝুকি হ”েছ ব্যাংকের অন্যতম ঝুকি। এ ঝুকি বিশ্লেষন করা, পরিমাপ করা এবং সে অনুসারে ঝুকি ব্যব¯’াপনা ব্যাংকের নিজস্ব সার্থেই অতিব জর“রী। বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক ২০০৬ সালের ৩১ শে মার্চ থেকে ১০০ কোটি বা তদুর্ধ বিনিয়োগের ক্ষেত্রে বিনিয়োগ ঝুকি বিন্যাস ম্যানুয়াল (ঈজএগ) বাধ্যতামুলক করেছে।
ঝুকি পরিমাপের প্রয়োজনীয়তা ঃ
 
০১.   ব্যাংক কোন বিনিয়োগ দিবে কিনা তা নির্ধারন করে থাকে।
০২.  বিনিয়োগে গ্রাহকের ঝুকি নির্ধারণ করে সে অনুসাওে তদারকী করা।
০৩.  ঝুকি অনুসারে ব্যাংক লাভবান হ”েছ কিনা তা মূল্যায়ন করা।
০৪.  ঝুকি ব্যব¯’াপনায় নতুন পদক্ষেপ নেয়া।
০৫.  ঝুকি কমানোর জন্য বিনিয়োগের ক্ষেত্র, পরিমান, ইত্যাদি পরিবর্তনের পরিকল্পনা করা।
 
ঝুকির মৌলিক উপাদানগুলো হলো নিæর“প ঃ


 
M¨vivw›U
 
Bb‡Wgw›Ui
1
M¨viw›U‡Z 3wU c¶ _v‡K
1
Bb‡WgwbwU‡Z 2wU c¶ _v‡K
2
M¨viw›U‡Z ‡`bv cwi‡kv‡ai `vwqZ¡  †`bv`v‡ii Ges M¨viv›Uv‡ii `vwqZ¡ wØZxq ch©v‡qi
2
G~j `vwqZ¡ Bb‡WgwbwU `vZvi Dci eZ©vq
3
cvIbv`v‡ii cvIbv Av`v‡qi wbðqZvi Rb¨ M¨vivw›U †bqv& nq|
3
¶wZi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ Bb‡WgwbwU †bqv nq|
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 

Core Risk of the Bank

Core Risk of the Bank

‘Risk” means chance of possibility of danger. Risk is an essential factor that  needs to be managed of kept at a minimum level.

There are seven areas of core risk:

01.  Investment (Credit) Risk.

02.  Asset & Liability / Balance sheet Risk.

03.  Foreign Exchange Risk.

04.  Internal Control & Compliance Risk

05.  Money Laundering Risk.

06.  I.T. Risk.

07.  Environment Risk.

Credit / Investment Risk Grading (IRG)

wewb‡qvM SzwK n‡”Q e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg SzwK| G SzwK we‡k­lb Kiv, cwigvc Kiv Ges †m Abymv‡i SzwK e¨e¯’vcbv e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ mv‡_©B AwZe Ri“ix| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK 2006 mv‡ji 31 †k gvP© †_‡K 100 †KvwU ev Z`ya© wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wewb‡qvM SzwK web¨vm g¨vbyqvj (CRGM) eva¨ZvgyjK K‡i‡Q|

SzwK cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv t

01.   e¨vsK †Kvb wewb‡qvM w`‡e wKbv Zv wba©vib K‡i _v‡K|

02.  wewb‡qv‡M MÖvn‡Ki SzwK wba©viY K‡i †m Abymv‡I Z`viKx Kiv|

03.  SzwK Abymv‡i e¨vsK jvfevb n‡”Q wKbv Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv|

04.  SzwK e¨e¯’vcbvq bZzb c`‡¶c †bqv|

05.  SzwK Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶Î, cwigvb, BZ¨vw` cwieZ©‡bi cwiKíbv Kiv|

SzwKi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv wbæi“c t

01.   Avw_©K SzwK (Financial Risk)

02.  e¨vemvwqK SzwK (Business / Industry Risk)

03.  e¨e¯’vcbv SzwK (Management Risk)

04.  wbevcËv SzwK (Security Risk)

05.  cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© SzwK (Relationship Risk)

Dc‡iv³ SzwKi †¶Î¸‡jv Avevi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡b MwVZ| H me Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ SzwKi gvÎv wba©vib Kiv Av‡Q& me¸‡jv SzwKi †hvMdjB n‡”Q mswk­ó wewb‡qv‡Mi †gvU SzwK| wb‡æ SywKi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi SzwKi gvÎv D‡j­L Kiv n‡jv t

Total Marking: 100

A. Financial Risk	1. Leverage:	15
	2. Liquidity:	15
	3. Profitability:	15
	4. Coverage:	05
	Total Score Financial Risk	50

B. Business / Industry Risk	1. Size of Business (Sales in BDT crore)	5
	2. Age of Business	3
	3. Business Outlook	3
	4. Industry Growth	3
	5. Market Competition	2
	6. Entry/Exit Barriers	2
	Total Score-Business/Industry Risk	18

C. Management Risk	1. Experience	5
	2. Second Line/Succession	4
	3. Team Work	3
	Total Management Risk	12

D.  Security Risk	1. Security Coverage (Primary)	4
	2. Collateral coverage	3
	3. Support (Guarantee)	2
	4. Negative Lien on Collateral	1
	5. No Collateral
	Total Score- Security Risk	10

E.  Relationship Risk	1. Account Conduct	5
	2. Utilization of limit	2
	3. Compliance of Covenants/Conditions	2
	4. Personal deposits The extent to which the bank maintains a personal banking relationship with the key business sponsors/principals	1
	Total Score- Relationship Risk	10

D‡jwLZ SzwKi wfwˇZ wewb‡qvM MÖvnK‡`i‡K wbæwjwLZ 8 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq t

IRG = Investment Risk Grading.

Number	Grading	Short	Score
1.	Superior	SUP	Fully cash secured, secured by Government/International Bank Guarantee
2.	Good	GD	85 +
3.	Acceptable	ACCPT	75 - 84
4.	Marginal / Watch list	MG/WL	65 - 74
5.	Special Mention	SM	55 - 64
6.	Substandard	SS	45 - 54
7.	Doubtful	DF	35 - 44
8.	Bad & Loss	BL	< 35

CREDIT RISK GRADING SCORE SHEET
Reference No.:	SIBL/NAO/INV/2014/		Date:	5-Aug-13
Borrower	Siddik Garments
Group Name (if any)		Aggregate Score:		75
Branch:	Naogaon
Industry/Sector		Risk Grading:	Acceptable
Date of Financials	1-Aug-13
Completed by	Mohd. Akhter Hossain
Approved by	Md. Motiar Rahman
Number	Grading	Short	Score
1	Superior	SUP	Fully cash secured, secured by government guarantee/international bank guarantee
2	Good	GD	85+
3	Acceptable	ACCPT	75-84
4	Marginal/Watchlist	MG/WL	65-74
5	Special Mention	SM	55-64
6	Substandard	SS	45-54
7	Doubtful	DF	35-44
8	Bad/Loss	BL	<35
Criteria                        Weight	Parameter	Score	Actual Parameter	Score Obtained
A. Financial Risk                  50%
1. Leverage: (15%)	Less than 0.25×	15	0.00	15
Debt Equity Ratio (×) - Times	0.26× to 0.35 x	14
Total Liabilities to Tangible Net worth	0.36× to 0.50 x	13
	0.51× to 0.75 x	12
All calculations should be based on	0.76× to 1.25 x	11
annula financial statements of the	1.26× to 2.00 x	10
borrower (audited preferred)	2.01× to 2.50 x	8
	2.51× to 2.75 x	7
	More than  2.75×	0
2. Liquidity: (15%)	Greater  than 2.74×	15	1940.00	15
Current Ratio (×) -Times	2.50× to 2.74 x	14
Current Assets to Current Liabilities	2.00× to 2.49 x	13
	1.50× to 1.99 x	12
	1.10× to 1.49 x	11
	0.90× to 1.09 x	10
	0.80× to 0.89 x	8
	0.70× to 0.79 x	7
	Less than  0.70×	0
3. Profitability: (15%)	Greater  than 25%	15	8.57%	10
Operating Profit Margin (%)	20% to 24%	14
(Operating Profit/Sales) X 100	15% to 19%	13
	10% to 14%	12
	7% to 9%	10
	4% to 6%	9
	1% to 3%	7
	Less than 1%	0
4.  Coverage: (5%)
Interest Coverage Ratio (×) - Times
Earning before interest & tax (EBIT)	More than 2.00×	5	6.00	5
Interest on debt	More than 1.51× Less than 2.00×	4
	More than 1.25× Less than 1.50×	3
	More than 1.00× Less than 1.24×	2
	Less than 1.00×	0
Total Score- Financial Risk		50		45
B. Business/ Industry Risk  18%
1. Size of Business (in BDT crore)	> 60.00	5	0.55	0
	30.00 – 59.99	4
The size of the borrower's business	10.00 – 29.99	3
measured by the most recent year's	5.00 - 9.99	2
total sales. Preferably audited numbers.	2.50 - 4.99	1
	< 2.50	0
2. Age of Business	> 10 Years	3	12-জানু	3
	> 5 - 10 Years	2
The number of years the borrower	2 - 5 Years	1
engaged in the primary line of business	< 2 Years	0
3. Business Outlook	Favorable	3	Stable	2
Critical assesment of medium term	Stable	2
prospects of industry, market share	Slightly Uncertain	1
and economic factors.	Cause for Concern	0
4. Industry Growth	Strong (10%+)	3	Good (>5% - 10%)	2
	Good (>5% - 10%)	2
	Moderate (1%-5%)	1
	No Growth (<1%)	0
5. Market Competition	Dominant Player	2	Moderately Competitive	1
	Moderately Competitive	1
	Highly Competitive	0
6. Entry/Exit Barriers	Difficult	2	Average	1
	Average	1
	Easy	0
Total Score- Business/Industry Risk		18		6
C. Management Risk            12%
1. Experience	More than 10 years in the related line of business	5	More than 10 years in the related line of business	5
Quality of management based on total	5–10 years in the related line of business	3
# of years of experience of the senior	1–5 years in the related line of business	2
management in the Industry.	No experience	0
2. Second Line/ Succession	Ready Succession	4	Succession within 2-3 years	2
	Succession within 1-2 years	3
	Succession within 2-3 years	2
	Succession in question	0
3. Team Work	Very Good	3	Very Good	3
	Moderate	2
	Poor	1
	Regular Conflict	0
Total Score- Management Risk		12		10
D. Security Risk                   10%
1. Security Coverage (Primary)	Fully Pledged facilities/substantially cash covered / Reg. Mortg. for HBL	4	Simple hypothecation/Negative lien on assets	1
	Registered Hypothecation (1st Charge/1st Pari passu Charge)	3
	2nd charge/Inferior charge	2
	Simple hypothecation/Negative lien on assets	1
	No security	0
2. Collateral Coverage (Property Location)	Registered Mortgage on Municipal corporation/Prime Area property	4	Registered Mortgage on Pourashava/Semi-Urban area property	3
	Registered Mortgage on Pourashava/Semi-Urban area property	3
	Equitable Mortgage or No property but Plant and Machinery as collateral	2
	Negative lien on collateral	1
	No collateral	0
3. Support (Guarantee)	Personal Guarantee with high net worth or Strong Corporate Guarantee	2	Personal Guarantees or Corporate Guarantee with average financial strength	1
	Personal Guarantees or Corporate Guarantee with average financial strength	1
	No support/guarantee	0
Total Score- Security Risk		10		5
E. Relationship Risk              10%
1. Account Conduct	More than 3 years Accounts with faultless record	5	Less than 3 years Accounts with faultless record	4
	Less than 3 years Accounts with faultless record	4
	Accounts having satisfactory dealings with some late payments.	2
	Frequent Past dues & Irregular dealings in account	0
2. Utilization of Limit	More than 100%	2	More than 100%	2
(actual/projection)	More than 60%	1
	Less than 60%	0
3. Compliance of Covenants /	Full Compliance	2	Full Compliance	2
Conditions	Some Non-Compliance	1
	No Compliance	0
4. Personal Deposits	Personal accounts of the key business Sponsors/ Principals are maintained in the bank, with significant deposits	1	Personal accounts of the key business Sponsors/ Principals are maintained in the bank, with significant deposits	1
	No depository relationship	0
Total Score- Relationship Risk		10		9
Grand Total - All Risk		100		75